coining in the greek state of bactria from beginning to decline

coin and coining as civilization indices have undergone many changes and development. it has been argued that the economic and political positions of states have always affected not only the physical shapes of a coin but its economic values within the current trade systems. to understand the changes were seen in the coining during the different time periods several political social, economic, cultural and even military issues should be considered. thus to survey coining trend in the greek state of bactria, we have considered different aspects of changes and development according to the emergence and decline of civilizations theory with a special reference to ibn khaldoon and toynbee theories. the focus of this paper is process of coining in the greek state of bactria and it also attempts to clarify some of the historical ambiguities and technological complications which occurred in course of coining.